Urgent guidance: Eye problems can worsen quickly. If your spaniel is squinting, swelling, or the eye looks cloudy, start here:
What Is Progressive Retinal Atrophy?
Progressive Retinal Atrophy is a group of inherited diseases that affect the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. The retina converts light into signals that allow the brain to form images.
In dogs with PRA, the retinal cells slowly degenerate and die. As this happens, vision deteriorates over time.
The condition usually begins with night blindness and progresses to complete blindness over months or years.
PRA is not painful, but it is permanent and progressive.
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Vision and appearance questions
- Dogs vision vs human vision
- Can spaniels have blue eyes?
- Spaniel eye discharge what each colour means
- Why is my spaniel squinting in one eye?
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Why Spaniels Are at Risk
Several spaniel breeds are known to carry genes associated with PRA, including:
- Cocker Spaniels
- English Springer Spaniels
- American Cocker Spaniels
- Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
- Sussex Spaniels
Because PRA is inherited, affected dogs are born with the condition, even though symptoms may not appear until later in life.
Responsible breeders use genetic testing to reduce the risk, but cases still occur.
Types of PRA in Dogs
There are two main forms:
Early-Onset PRA
- Appears in puppies or young dogs
- Vision loss develops quickly
- Symptoms may start before one year of age
Late-Onset PRA
- More common in spaniels
- Appears in middle-aged or older dogs
- Progresses more slowly
Most spaniels develop the late-onset form.
Early Signs of PRA in Spaniels
PRA develops gradually, so early signs are often subtle.
Common early symptoms include:
- Difficulty seeing in low light
- Hesitation in dark rooms
- Reluctance to go outside at night
- Bumping into objects in dim conditions
- Clinginess after sunset
- Increased anxiety in unfamiliar places
Owners often notice changes first in the evening or during winter months.
Advanced Symptoms of Vision Loss
As PRA progresses, vision loss becomes more obvious.
Later signs include:
- Bumping into furniture
- Misjudging steps or kerbs
- Reluctance to jump
- Disorientation in new places
- Cloudy-looking eyes (in some cases)
- Dilated pupils
- Increased startle response
Eventually, most dogs with PRA become completely blind.
How to Check for Possible Vision Problems
You can perform simple checks at home, although they do not replace veterinary diagnosis.
Navigation Test
Observe whether your dog confidently moves through familiar and unfamiliar rooms.
Light Response Test
In dim light, turn on a lamp and see if your dog reacts.
Obstacle Awareness
Place a safe object in their path and observe their response.
Eye Appearance
Look for unusual reflection, excessive shine, or persistent dilation.
If you notice consistent problems, veterinary assessment is essential.
Veterinary Diagnosis of PRA
A vet may use several methods to confirm PRA:
Eye Examination
Using specialised instruments to examine the retina.
Electroretinography (ERG)
Measures electrical activity in the retina.
Genetic Testing
Identifies known PRA mutations in certain breeds.
Referral to an Ophthalmologist
Specialist assessment provides definitive diagnosis.
Early diagnosis helps with long-term planning and support.
Can PRA Be Treated?
There is currently no cure for PRA and no treatment that can stop its progression.
No medication, surgery, or supplement can reverse retinal degeneration.
However, good management can greatly improve quality of life.
Home Management and Support for Dogs with PRA
Although PRA cannot be cured, affected dogs can live happy, active lives with proper care.
Maintain a Stable Environment
Keep furniture, food bowls, and beds in consistent positions. Avoid frequent rearrangement.
Improve Lighting
Use good lighting in hallways, gardens, and feeding areas.
Use Verbal Cues
Teach commands such as “step”, “stop”, and “careful” to guide movement.
Provide Tactile Guidance
Use textured mats near stairs, doors, and feeding areas.
Supervise Outdoors
Use leads in unfamiliar areas. Fence gardens securely.
Protect from Injury
Block staircases if necessary. Cover sharp furniture edges.
Maintain Routine
Blind dogs rely heavily on routine for confidence.
Nutritional and Supplement Considerations
No diet can cure PRA, but overall eye and nerve health benefits from good nutrition.
Helpful approaches include:
- High-quality balanced diet
- Omega-3 fatty acids
- Antioxidant-rich foods
- Vet-approved supplements
Never rely on unproven “vision restoration” products.
Mental and Emotional Support
Vision loss can cause anxiety, especially during early stages.
Support your dog by:
- Staying calm and confident
- Avoiding sudden lifting
- Speaking before touching
- Providing reassurance
- Maintaining exercise routines
Most dogs adapt remarkably well with patient handling.
When to See a Vet
You should contact your vet if:
- Your dog shows night blindness
- Bumping becomes frequent
- Behaviour changes suddenly
- Eyes appear abnormal
- Anxiety increases
- Vision deteriorates rapidly
Prompt diagnosis helps rule out treatable conditions that may mimic PRA, such as cataracts or inflammation.
Conditions That Can Be Confused with PRA
Several eye problems cause similar symptoms:
- Cataracts
- Glaucoma
- Retinal detachment
- Uveitis
- Lens luxation
Some of these are treatable emergencies, making professional assessment essential.
Breeding and Genetic Responsibility
Dogs diagnosed with PRA should never be bred.
Owners should inform breeders and encourage genetic testing.
Responsible breeding reduces future suffering.
Living Well with a Blind Spaniel
Blindness does not mean poor quality of life.
Many spaniels with PRA continue to:
- Enjoy walks
- Play games
- Learn new commands
- Interact socially
- Show enthusiasm
With supportive owners, most dogs adapt fully within weeks or months.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is PRA painful?
No. PRA is not painful, but it is permanent.
How fast does PRA progress?
Progression varies. Some dogs lose vision over months, others over several years.
Can surgery help?
No surgical treatment is currently available.
Will my dog go completely blind?
Most dogs eventually lose all vision.
Can PRA affect both eyes?
Yes. PRA always affects both eyes.
Conclusion
Progressive Retinal Atrophy is a serious but manageable condition in spaniels. Although it leads to permanent blindness, it does not cause pain and does not prevent a good quality of life.
Early recognition, veterinary diagnosis, and supportive home management are essential.
By providing consistency, safety, and reassurance, owners can help affected spaniels remain confident, active, and happy throughout their lives.